Read the case study carefully and answer ALL the questions that follow.

Kenyan Moderators Decry Toll of Training of AI Models

By: N$.$ Rowe, $2$ August $2023,$ The Guardian

Employees describe the psychological trauma of reading and viewing graphic content, low pay and abrupt dismissals.

The images pop up in Mophat Okinyi$$s mind when he$$s alone, or when he$$s about to sleep. Okinyi, a former content

moderator for Open AI$$s ChatGPT in Nairobi, Kenya, is one of four people in that role who have filed a petition to the

Kenyan government calling for an investigation into what they describe as exploitative conditions for contractors

reviewing the content that powers artificial intelligence programs.

$$It has really damaged my mental health,$$ said Okinyi. The $27-$year$-$old said he would view up to $700$ text passages a day,

many depicting graphic sexual violence. He recalls he started avoiding people after having read texts about rapists and

found himself projecting paranoid narratives on to people around him. Then last year, his wife told him he was a changed

man, and left. She was pregnant at the time. $$I lost my family,$$ he said.

The petition filed by the moderators relates to a contract between OpenAI and Sama $$ a data annotation services

company headquartered in California that employs content moderators around the world. While employed by Sama in

$2021$ and $2022$ in Nairobi to review content for OpenAI, the content moderators allege they suffered psychological

trauma, low pay and abrupt dismissal.

The $51$ moderators in Nairobi working on Sama$$s OpenAI account were tasked with reviewing texts, and some images,

many depicting graphic scenes of violence, self$-$harm, murder, rape, necrophilia, child abuse, bestiality and incest, the

petitioners say.

The moderators say they weren$$t adequately warned about the brutality of some of the text and images they would be

tasked with reviewing, and were offered no or inadequate psychological support. Workers were paid between $$1\mathrm{.}46$ and

$$3\mathrm{.}74$ an hour, according to a Sama spokesperson.

When the contract with OpenAI was terminated eight months early, $$we felt that we were left without an income, while

dealing on the other hand with serious trauma$,$ said petitioner Richard Mathenge, $37.$ Immediately after the contract

ended, petitioner Alex Kairu, $28,$ was offered a new role by Sama, labelling images of cars, but his mental health was

deteriorating. He wishes someone had followed up to ask: $$What are you dealing with? What are you going through?$$

OpenAI declined to comment for this story.

A Sama management spokesperson said moderators had access to licensed mental health therapists on a $24/7$ basis

and received medical benefits to reimburse psychiatrists.

In regarsd to the allegations of abrupt dismissal, the Sama management spokesperson said the company gave full notice

to employees that it was pulling out of the ChatGPT project, and that employees were given the opportunity to participate

in another project. $$We are in agreement with those who call for fair and just employment, as it aligns with our mission $$

that providing meaningful, dignified, living wage work is the best way to permanently lift people out of poverty $$ and

believe that we would already be compliant with any legislation or requirements that may be enacted in this space,$$ the

Sama management spokesperson said.

The human labour powering AI$$s boom

Since ChatGPT arrived on the scene at the end of last year, the potential for generative AI to leave whole industriesobsolete has petrified professionals. That fear of automated supply chains and sentient machines, has overshadowed

concerns in another arena: the human labour powering AI$$s boom.

Bots like ChatGPT are examples of large language models, a type of AI algorithm that teaches computers to learn by

example. To teach Bard, Bing or ChatGPT to recognise prompts that would generate harmful materials, algorithms must

be fed examples of hate speech, violence and sexual abuse. The work of feeding the algorithms examples is a growing

business, and the data collection and labelling industry is expected to grow to over $$14$ billion by $2030,$ according to

Global Data, a data analytics and consultancy firm.

Much of that labelling work is performed thousands of miles from Silicon Valley, in East Africa, India, the Philippines, and

even refugees living in Kenya$$s Dadaab and Lebanon$$s Shatila $$ camps with a large pool of multilingual workers who are

willing to do the work for a fraction of the cost, said Srravya Chandhiramowuli, a researcher of data annotation at the

University of London.

Nairobi in recent years has become a global hotspot for such work. An ongoing economic crisis, matched with Nairobi$$s

high rate of English speakers and mix of international workers from across Africa, make it a hub for cheap, multilingual

and educated workers.

The economic conditions allowed Sama to recruit young, educated Kenyans, desperate for work, said Ma