Read the extract below and answer ALL the questions that follow.

The Role of Critical Minerals in Clean Energy Transitions

The demand for metals and minerals in the $21$st century is driven by sustainable development challenges, including

renewable energy, climate change mitigation, electronics, telecommunications, transportation, energy storage,

infrastructure, and specialty military technologies $($Fortier et al$.,2018).$ However, many of these critical materials are not

primary products but are instead opportunistically extracted during the refining of other primary metals. For instance, indium

and gallium can be obtained during zinc refining, tellurium from copper or gold smelting, and rhenium from molybdenum

concentrate roasting. This extraction process has historically led to limited reported data on resources, mining, smelting,

and refining activities in these sectors due to their small and modest value.

The ongoing technological revolution and industrial change are reshaping the global innovation landscape and economic

structure, driving a quest for sustainable development. This includes renewable energy production, clean transportation

transitions, technological transformation, and carbon$-$negative manufacturing, resulting in an unprecedented demand for

critical minerals. However, many hidden barriers exist to pursuing a more sustainable development path, including the

challenge of a sustainable supply of critical minerals to support the construction of renewable energy and electrified

transportation.