Read the following case study based on Amazon and answer the questions that follow

Inside Amazons largest warehouse where youll find more robots than people

Amazons biggest, newest warehouse, with more robots than ever, brings America closer to an automated future when machines do all the work of moving everything from groceries to laptops, from makers to users. And do it faster. While Amazon has been building increasingly automated warehouses since opening its first satellite center in 1997, five miles down the road in New Castle, Del., this $250 million showcase is something entirely different.

The staff, as much as it has grown since opening this summer, is still fewer than Amazon employs at fulfillment centers one-quarter this size.

The facility is the flagship of a sweeping expansion by Amazon across the Philadelphia region. Amazon has plans to open as many as nine new facilities in the coming months. Thats on top of the 14 sites added last year across Philadelphia and its suburbs, the Lehigh Valley, South Jersey, and northern Delaware.

Amazon said automation frees workers from dull, repetitive tasks. But workers have complained that automated production has been accompanied by speed-ups and a higher-than-average rate of injuries. Why Delaware? It helps that the state gave the company, whose profits top $2 billion a month, about $4.5 million in up-front aid, while the local government cut realty taxes to a fraction of what GM paid. Wilmingtons proximity to workforces in Maryland, New Jersey, and Philadelphias southern suburbs helped, too.

They try to find locations they can run at lower cost, Kumar said. (Amazon officials say the plants proximity to the Port of Wilmington, airports, and on-site railroad sidings dont matter, since cargo goes in and out by truck.) I call these very large plants the motherships, said Brittain Ladd, a former Amazon logistics executive turned automation consultant.

Ladd said Amazons latest expansion draws upon location and system-management lessons from its highly profitable Amazon Web Services network of services to corporations. He sees accelerating automation as inevitable. During the pandemic a lot of people decided they dont want to spend 20 or 30 years working in a fulfillment center, Ladd said. Amazon may employ a million people. But turnover in some places is nearly 100% a year. They cant hire enough people. They have no choice but to invest in automation and robotics.

Amazon bought Kiva, which developed the robots deployed in Delaware and elsewhere, eight years go and, thinking ahead, stopped supplying Gap and other retailers with Kiva machines as if to forestall competition and keep the savings for itself, Kumar said. Ladd expects the robotics arms race to accelerate, with Amazon forcing competitors to upgrade. In the long run, if they are not going to innovate and automate, they will not survive, said Temples Kuma. Amazon is moving very fast.

1. Amazon is embracing automation with robotics. Examine Levels of automation and information technology (IT) functionality in relation to Amazon.