Reference: Understanding Statistics in the Behavioral Sciences by Pagano Tenth Edition

Equations:

Sample Population SS = E( X - X)? OR SS = E(X-1)2 Average squared deviation SS [(x-X) OR SS E(X -1) N- 1 N-1 N N est on - Variance ($2 ) Variance (02)These are definitional formulas For population variance (02) l= For sample varianc (s2)= Note: we use N 1 to calculate the variance of a sample (see page 91 for details) Standard Deviation (St Dev) St Dev Variance . Sample St Dev EX? SS S = VS2 N = N-1 N-1 . Population St Dev EX? _ EX) SS 0= N N N