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QUESTION $12$

How were the candidates for presidency selected for most of the United States' history?

$$ a$.$ by a process that involved primary and caucus results from the state party organizations

b$.$ by the wealthy elite who controlled the parties with money and prominent positions

c$.$ by deals that were hashed out between delegates and party officials at the national level

$$ d$.$ by a nationwide election for eligible voters to select their preferred candidate