Research Example An example would be to imagine a doctoral research proposal investigating the effect of a new leadership training program on employee performance in corporations. The key question is whether employees who underwent the training exhibit higher performance scores than those who did not. Initial Post-T-test Hypothetical Example For the one-sample t-test, consider a hypothesis that the average performance score of employees after training is significantly greater than a known population mean score of 75. In this scenario, a researcher measures the performance scores of 30 employees after they complete the training. The researcher wants to know if the average score is different from 75, with the variable being the performance score of the employees. In the case of a paired-samples t-test, the hypothesis could be that employee performance scores before the training will differ from scores after the training. Here, the same 30 employees have their performance scores measured before and after they undergo the leadership training program. The researcher compares these two sets of scores (before and after) to determine if there is a significant difference. The variables in this case are the performance scores at two different time points (before training vs. after training). For the independent-samples t-test, the hypothesis might state that employees who receive the leadership training will have different performance scores than those who do not receive the tr