Research Methods. Please answer the question or explain the concept. What is a manipulation check? Why do researchers conduct manipulation checks during and/or after an experiment? What are the four major types of validity for a research study? Note any sub-types noted. How is each type of validity evaluated? What is measurement validity? What are the different types of measurement validity and how is each established? What is measurement reliability? What are the different types of measurement reliability and how can threats to each be minimized? How does reliability relate to variance in the data? What are some common sources for loss of reliability? Explain each. What are the successive measurements, single measurement points, and simultaneous measurements used for estimating reliability? What are the advantages and disadvantages of each method? Can a measure be valid but not reliable? Can a measure be reliable but not valid? Explain. Should researchers use self-report scales to measure the dependent variable(s) in a study? Why or why not? Why is a measure of Fahrenheit temperature considered to be at the interval level of measurement and not the ratio level of measurement? Are IQs measured at the interval level or the ordinal level? Explain. Why do some researchers suggest that data from Likert scales can only be used to rank order respondents, as opposed to using the data to determine how much more favorable one respondent is to another respondent? Should Likert scales include a midpoint? Explain. What are some other important considerations for constructing a Likert scale? Why should researchers avoid forced-choice items? What is interrater reliability? What are some factors that influence interrater reliability? When data is gathered through the use of raters/judges, why is it better to use multiple raters instead of just one? If raters are used to categorize the levels of the independent variable (i.e., classify participants into groups), what are the ramifications for the study if interrater reliability is low? How might the rater's perception of the participant influence (consciously or unconsciously) the rating given