Research Question 1:

Is there a relationship between scores on the Combat Exposure Scale (CES) (Keane et al., 1989) and the Davidson Trauma Scale (DTS) (Davidson, 1997) in a sample of 200 combat veterans?

1. Does this question represent a correlational or experimental research design? Why?

2. Which of the two models of reality (i.e. hypotheses) that you learned about in the presentation would state that there is a relationship between the scores on the CES and the DTS?

3. Should the null hypothesis for this research question be directional or non-directional? How do you know this? Justify your answer with information from the reading and/or presentations.

4. State the alternative hypothesis for this study.

5. State the null hypothesis for this study.