review the derivation, define $($in words$)$ each term in the expression, and list the major assumptions and limitations; $($ii$.)$ sketch the stress distributions $($excluding $($e$.)).$

$($a$.)$ normal stress in an axial bar: $=$ P$/$A

$($b$.)*$ normal stress in a beam in bending: $=$ My$/$I

$($c$.)$ shear stress in a bar in torsion: $=$ Tr$/$J

$($d$.)*$ shear stress due to transverse shear load: $=$ VQ$/$Ib

$($e$.)$ normal stresses in pressurized cylinders

hoop $=$ pD$/2$t long $=$ pD$/4$t