Risk and Reliability Analysis in Civil Engineering: Explore the concepts of risk and reliability analysis and their application in civil engineering design and decision$-$making. Discuss methods for quantifying and assessing risks associated with natural hazards, human error, and material degradation, including probabilistic modeling, fault tree analysis, and reliability$-$based design. Examine strategies for managing risk in infrastructure projects through design redundancy, safety factors, and performance$-$based specifications, and discuss the ethical considerations involved in balancing safety, cost, and societal benefit.