risk$-$based decision$-$making is paramount. This framework encompasses the systematic identification of hazards, vulnerabilities, and potential consequences in infrastructure projects. Following identification, risks are analyzed through quantitative methods like probabilistic modeling or qualitative assessments relying on expert judgment. Subsequently, risk assessment evaluates risks against predefined criteria such as safety standards and regulatory requirements, leading to appropriate risk management strategies such as avoidance, mitigation, transfer, or acceptance. By integrating risk analysis and management, engineers optimize project outcomes, enhance safety, and maximize value for stakeholders, ensuring robust and resilient infrastructure development in the face of uncertainty.