risk$-$based decision$-$making is pivotal for ensuring the success and safety of infrastructure projects. The process begins with identifying potential risks, encompassing hazards like natural disasters, construction defects, and human error. Subsequent risk analysis, employing methods such as quantitative modeling and qualitative assessments, evaluates the likelihood and consequences of these risks. Risk assessment and management follow, wherein risks are compared against safety standards and stakeholder preferences, leading to strategies like avoidance, mitigation, or acceptance. This comprehensive approach optimizes project outcomes, enhances safety, and maximizes value for stakeholders, embodying the core principles of risk management in civil engineering.