Ruben, et al $(2021)$ argue that the $2$ most common obstacles faced by higher education leaders are and that strategic planning can assist with overcoming them.

Select one:

a$.$ the lack of a clear and shared sense of where the institution should be headed, and a lack of genuine commitment to collaboration and coordination

b$.$ disconnect from an evolving political and economic landscape, and insufficient attention to innovation, change and out$-$of$-$the$-$box thinking

c$.$ the lack of resources, and complacency$/$low aspirations