Section 3.2 (6 marks)

Your research group is studying problem-solving behaviour in a population of captive ravens. In your experiment, ravens are introduced to an observation room one at a time, and each raven is confronted with a plexiglass puzzle box. The box contains a reward (a small piece of meat). There is a small hole in the lid of the box, and a hooked stick has been placed next to the box. Ravens can solve the task in either of two ways. They can open the box by manipulating a latch, or they can fish the meat out of the box using the hooked stick. Among male ravens, 17 used the latch, 6 used the stick, and 9 did not use either approach and failed the task. Among female ravens, 5 used the latch, 10 used the stick, and 9 failed the task. You want to know i) do the sexes differ in their ability to solve the task, and ii) when they are able to solve the task, do males and females use different approaches? Answer each question clearly and concisely, showing your code (3 marks each). You may omit a supporting figure.