SECTION B [20 MARKS] There is ONE (1) Article in this section. Questions are based on the article. Answer ALL questions in the Answer Booklet. Counting the cost of climate change TOKYO - Part of growing up on the outskirts of Manila, 25-year-old Mitzi Jonelle Tan says, is living with the "very real" fear of drowning in your own bedroom. In the fall of 2009, Typhoon Ketsana struck Tan's home. She went without electricity or clean water for several days. Floodwater reached just beneath her knees, and she had to bail water out of her bedroom. "But we were fortunate because our city happened to be located higher from the ground." In other cities, floods reached the third floors of buildings, people were stranded on rooftops and children were found dead in the flood below. At the time, Tan, not yet a teenager, had no idea such experiences could be attributed to climate change. In 2020, the Philippines took a one-two punch from super Typhoon Goni followed by another typhoon. "Torrential rains, violent winds, mudslides" took lives, and injured many and, flooded tens of thousands of homes and left 905,000 in need of assistance. At a nearby community she visited for relief operations, "the rain and mud were piled up so high that when you walked, you could hold the top of your house." By then, the young future activist had educated herself, learning that the greenhouse gasses warming the Earth's surface and lower atmosphere were fuelling extreme weather events like typhoons and floods. While these gases were mainly emitted by a handful of wealthy countries, the effects were mostly felt in poor communities that had barely contributed to global warming. "What angers me the most," she said, "is the betrayal of leaders of the developed world" that have failed to take responsibility for "benefiting from the destruction of the planet." Voices like Tan's feed into a long-standing controversy about whether rich, industrialized countries. in addition to cutting emissions, should offer reparations to poorer countries for the historical damage they have caused. What was described in the preceding paragraphs is the impact of Climate Change. A June study commissioned by the Vulnerable 20 group, made up of over 50 economies vulnerable to global warming, found that climate change is indeed wreaking disproportionate havoc in developing countries. According to experts, these economies had lost $525 billion, or 22% of their 2019 gross domestic product, in the past two decades due to human-induced changes in temperature and rainfall patterns. Of the total losses, 44% were concentrated in Bangladesh (population 166.3 million), the Philippines (111 million) and Vietnam (98.1 million), due to their large populations and levels of economic development, according to the study. The reality of climate change in these countries is increasingly obvious. In southern Bangladesh, Ajmat Ali, a farmer from the coastal village of Damuria, told Nikkei Asia that in recent years saltwater intrusion has been turning his land infertile, making it nearly impossible to earn a living, that is planting crops like rice and vegetables. A 2009 study by the state-run Soil Resource Development Institute found more than 1 million square kilometres of arable land in the country's coastal areas was affected by salinity, a 26% increase from 35 years earlier. The ruinous Cyclone Amphan that struck Bangladesh in 2020 had disrupted agriculture across the country was the final straw for Ali. A few months later he and his family packed their bags and migrated to the capital, Dhaka, in search of a better future. Cases like Ali's are increasingly being linked to global warming by scientists, a situation where developed countries are greatly held responsible with their Saleemul Huq, director of the International Center for Climate Change and Development, told Nikkei that, while extreme weather is common in Bangladesh, this year's pre-monsoon flash floods in the north-eastern Sylhet region arrived well before the usual monsoon season and were "definitely attributable to human-induced climate change." "Sea level rises, river erosion, cyclones and salty water moving inland could force millions of people to leave their homes and become climate refugees" in the near future, Huq added. In a first for the country, this summer's devastating floods in Pakistan were also linked to climate change. Scientists reported that downpours in the region have become 50% to 75% more intense due to global heating, and that "the fingerprints of global warming are evident." Pakistan's disaster left almost 1,400 people dead, 1.7 million houses in ruins, around 7,000 kilometres of roads washed away and as many as 250 bridges destroyed. Massive damage to crops and livestock beckons hunger and food shortage across Pakistan the next couple of years, according to experts. Today, developing country leaders say they are more determined than ever to secure concrete financial commitments for loss and damage that their countries are experiencing. They blame develop countries for their predicament. Pakistani climate minister Sherry Rehman told Nikkei. "Big emitters must move to create a formal mechanism to finance losses, as we will continue to experience loss and damage." For many developing countries also, being listened to at Climate change conferences is not enough. "I think developing countries will need to get the right assurances that their concerns are being addressed with a level of seriousness, and we are not just having another round of discussions that doesn't have expected outcomes," said Mohamed Nasr, chief climate negotiator for Egypt. Source: Take, Sayumi ( 2nd November 2022) Retrieved from https://asia.nikkei.com/Spotlight/The-Big-Story/Counting-the-cost-of-climate-change 1. Describe and explain TWO (2) ethical issues in the above case study. (8 Marks) 2. The above article discussed the consequences from years of developed countries treating air and water as free goods and environment as unlimited goods in developing countries Their actions raised ethical issues as catastrophe and extreme weather that are experienced by this part of the world are now posing dangers, displacement, and disruptions of livelihood. But the ones responsible have been turning a deaf ear. As stated by Tan from the Philippines said, "What angers me the most, is the betrayal of leaders of the developed world that have failed to take responsibility for benefiting from the destruction of the planet." Discuss from ethical approaches to environmental protection, why is it our moral duty that must be carried out regardless of whether the impact is on human or non-human. Provide THREE (3) approaches with suitable EXAMPLE to support your answer. (12 Marks)