Select the incorrect alternative. Within an institution, decentralisation as a dimension $$ as opposed to centralisation $-$ could mean the following:

a$.$

The extent to which a large degree of discretion is entrusted to subordinate units and individuals.

b$.$

The extent to which lower level officials must obtain prior approval from central decision makers before spending funds and modifying procedures.

c$.$

The extent to which decision$-$making authority within an institution is dispersed.

d$.$

The extent to which the activities of an institution are geographically dispersed.