Select the true statement about nonprofit marketing.

a$.$ The planning of marketing strategies requires less refinement and coordination of goals in the nonprofit field than in the for$-$profit field.

b$.$ The chief beneficiaries of a nonprofit organization are the owners or stockholders.

c$.$ All nonprofit organizations that have adopted the marketing concept have been successful.

d$.$ Major nonprofit marketers in the United States are social causes and charitable organizations.

$$ e$.$ Marketing goals in nonprofit activities cannot be determined.