Shellcode $/$ more advanced attacks $[2$ pages$]$

Try to explain how the shellcode example given to you works, cover the following points:

$$ How do you get the shellcode to work? E$.$g$.$ padding or addresses required, how these are determined, what is happening when the exploit works. How can the padding be used to increase the chances of the shellcode running?

$$ For the shellcode itself, describe how it works. You can start with an overview of each of the sections highlighted $($each does a particular job$).$ If you manage this then a more detailed analysis of the code can be given.

$$ For each of the protection mechanisms discuss in the lectures $$ how effective would they be in preventing this type of attack?

$2$

$$ One method that can potentially be used by an attacker to bypass protection mechanisms that would stop traditional shellcode attacks is Return Oriented Programming $($ROP$).$

$$ What is ROP?

$$ How does it work?

$$ Which protection mechanisms is it likely to defeat? Why? Which protection mechanisms are likely to be effective?