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5. a. If the discount rate that is used to calculate the present value of a debt obligation's cash flow is increased, what happens to the price of that debt obligation? b. Suppose that the discount rate used to calculate the present value of a debt obligation's cash flow is x%. Suppose also that the only cash flow for this debt obligation is $200,000 four years from now and $200,000 five years from now. For which of these cash flows will the present value be greater? 3. a. The portfolio manager of a tax-exempt fund is considering investing $500,000 in a debt instrument that pays an annual interest rate of 5.7% for four years. At the end of four years, the portfolio manager plans to reinvest the proceeds for three more years and expects that for the 3-year period, an annual interest rate of 7.2% can be earned. What is the future value of this investment? b. Suppose that the portfolio manager in Question 3, part a, has the opportunity to invest the $500,000 for seven years in a debt obligation that promises to pay an annual interest rate of 6.1% compounded semiannually. Is this investment alternative more attractive than the one in Question 3, part a? 9. Consider a bond selling at par ($100) with a coupon rate of 6% and 10 years to maturity. a. What is the price of this bond if the required yield is 15%? b. What is the price of this bond if the required yield increases from 15% to 16%, and by what percentage did the price of this bond change? c. What is the price of this bond if the required yield is 5%? d. What is the price of this bond if the required yield increases from 5% to 6%, and by what percentage did the price of this bond change? e. From your answers to Question 9, parts b and d, what can you say about the relative price volatility of a bond in high- compared with low- interest-rate environments