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3) The variable overhead efficiency variance measures the difference between the actual level of activity and the standard activity allowed for the actual output, multiplied by the variable part of the predetermined overhead rate. 4) _If demand is insufficient to keep everyone busy and workers are not laid off, an unfavorable (U) variable overhead efficiency variance often will be a result unless managers build excessive inventories. 5) _The standard quantity or standard hours allowed refers to the amount of the input that should have been used to produce the actual output of the period. 6) ROI and residual income are tools used to evaluate managerial performance in investment centers. 7) Residual income is the difference between net operating income and the product of average operating assets and the minimum rate of return 8) _Move time is considered non-value-added time. 9) _Throughput time is the amount of time required to move a completed unit from the factory floor to the warehouse Residual income can be used most effectively in comparing the performance of divisions of different size. 10)