SHOW FORMULA, SOLUTION, AND ANSWER IN A TABULAR AND BOLDED The following are statistics from all of Canada in 2016 and 2021, including numbers on tuberculosis (TB). Calculate the TB crude mortality rate (CMR) per 100,000 population for 2016 and 2021 by completing the table below. Population Item 2016a= 2021 All of Canada Population estimate 35,732,126 37,888,705

Number of all-cause deaths 267,213 311,640

Number of TB deaths 89 78

TB CMR per 100,000 population

Calculate the TB CMR and race standardized mortality rates (SMR) for the three populations (2016 and 2021) by completing the table below. Assume TB expected deaths are the same as for all of Canada. Population Item 2016 2021 Non-Indigenous, Canadian born Population estimate 33,429,293 35,142,382 Number of TB deaths 13 1 Percent died from TB 0.000000389 0.000002846 TB CMR per 100,000 population

Race SMR

Race SMR per 1000 population

Non-Indigenous, born outside Canada Population estimate 7,540,830 8,361,505 Number of TB deaths 76 57 Percent died from TB 0.001007847 0.000681695 TB CMR per 100,000 population

Race SMR

Race SMR per 1000 population

Indigenous Population estimate 1,673,780 36,328,480 Number of TB deaths 12 9 Percent died from TB 0.000716940 0.000024774 TB CMR per 100,000 population

Race SMR

Race SMR per 1000 population

Q1. Interpret the CMR for all of Canada, and each population group between the two time points (2016 and 2021).

Q2. Which mortality rate measure is best to use to compare between the population group? Explain why it is best.

Q3. Based on the measure you chose for Q2, interpret the results between the three population groups and two time periods (2016, 2021). Include a statement commenting on whether the mortality rates are higher or lower than expected. Find at least one reference to support these results.