Show using rules of inferences whether these arguments are valid or not:

1.4 It is not raining and it is not cold. If it is not July, then it is rainy or cold. If it is July or August, then it is rainy. Therefore: It is rainy.

1.5 Consider the following argument, in the context of logic without quantifiers. If Sasha understands Boolean algebra, then she will understand symbolic logic. If she understands symbolic logic and sets, then she will understand Q-logic. If she understands Q-logic and relations, then she will understand partial orderings. Sasha doesnt understand partial orderings. We conclude that she doesnt understand sets.