So you've been working as a specialist in childhood reading disorders for a while now, primarily using phonological treatments such as PSI. You think you have some good ideas on how to improve the standard protocol, though, so you design a new protocol you call the PSI Plus, that you think will reduce the number of speech errors observed during oral reading. So you need to know - does PSI Plus work better than PSI? You plan to evaluate it based on number of errors observed during the Battery of Oral Reading Indices with Numerical Graphs (the BORING). You grab the first 10 kids with reading disorders that you can find in clinic, pre-test them, treat them for two weeks and then post-test them, and find that after PSI Plus, your participants have 5 fewer errors than what you would have expected from PSI's published population norms on the BORING (10 point improvement, with a standard deviation of 8 points).