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What are the foundational theories that underpin civil engineering as a subject? Discussing principles such as structural mechanics, materials science, fluid dynamics, and geotechnical engineering, elucidate their significance in shaping the discipline. Explore how these theories inform the design, construction, and maintenance of infrastructure projects, from bridges and buildings to roads and dams. Consider the role of mathematical modeling and empirical research in refining these theories, and how advancements in technology and computational methods continually reshape our understanding of civil engineering principles. Finally, reflect on the interdisciplinary nature of civil engineering, drawing connections between theory and practice in addressing complex societal challenges.