sometimes also referred to as device managers, provide a user$-$friendly way

for humans to interact with individual network equipment. They are used to log into

equipment one device at a time, view its current status, view and possibly change its

configuration settings, and trigger the equipment to execute certain actions, such as

performing diagnostic self$-$tests and downloading new software images.

a$.$ Managing stations

b$.$ Craft terminals

c$.$ Craft units

d$.$ Workstations