Spindler, Incorporated $($a U$.$S$.-$based company$),$ imports surfboards from a supplier in Brazil and sells them in the United States. Purchases are denominated in terms of the Brazilian real $($BRL$).$ During $2023,$ Spindler acquires $400$ surfboards at a price of BRL $1,600$ per surfboard, for a total of BRL $640,000.$ Spindler will pay for the surfboards when it sells them. Relevant exchange rates are as follows:

Date U$.$S$.$ Dollar per Brazilian Real $($BRL$)$

September $1,2023$ $ $0\mathrm{.}220$

December $1,20230\mathrm{.}210$

December $31,20230\mathrm{.}230$

March $1,20240\mathrm{.}215$

Required:

Assume that Spindler acquired the surfboards on September $1,2023,$ and made payment on December $1,2023.$ What is the effect of the exchange rate fluctuations on reported income in $2023?$

Assume that Spindler acquired the surfboards on December $1,2023,$ and made payment on March $1,2024.$ What is the effect of the exchange rate fluctuations on reported income in $2023$ and $2024?$

Assume that Spindler acquired the surfboards on September $1,2023,$ and made payment on March $1,2024.$ What is the effect of the exchange rate fluctuations on reported income in $2023$ and in $2024$Spindler, Incorporated $($a U$.$S$.-$based company$),$ imports surfboards from a supplier in

Brazil and sells them in the United States. Purchases are denominated in terms of the

Brazilian real $($BRL$).$ During $2023,$ Spindler acquires $400$ surfboards at a price of BRL $1,600$

per surfboard, for a total of BRL $640,000.$ Spindler will pay for the surfboards when it sells

them. Relevant exchange rates are as follows:

Required:

a$.$ Assume that Spindler acquired the surfboards on September $1,2023,$ and made

payment on December $1,2023.$ What is the effect of the exchange rate fluctuations on

reported income in $2023?$

b$.$ Assume that Spindler acquired the surfboards on December $1,2023,$ and made

payment on March $1,2024.$ What is the effect of the exchange rate fluctuations on

reported income in $2023$ and $2024?$

c$.$ Assume that Spindler acquired the surfboards on September $1,2023,$ and made

payment on March $1,2024.$ What is the effect of the exchange rate fluctuations on

reported income in $2023$ and in $2024?$

Note: Input all amounts as positive values.