State whether each of the following involves debt financing or equity financing.

a$)1\mathrm{.}5\%$ of Aramco's value began trading only on the Tadawul, Saudi Arabia's stock exchange on December $11,2019.$ The Initial Public Offering $($IPO$)$ will, in fact, raise nearly $$26$ billion for the kingdom, at a price that values Aramco at $$1\mathrm{.}7$ trillion.

b$)$ $$35,000$ taken from your saving account to pay cash for a new car.

c$)$ A third mortgage on your house for $$50,000.$

d$)$ A bond issue for $$10,000,000$ by a city$-$owned utility.