STATISTICS TUTORS

Question:

A.

Provide a C Program to Implement Queues using Stacks.

B.

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all relevant information is provided

This case presents a constitutional question never addressed by this Court: whether a statutory scheme adopted by the State of Virginia to prevent marriages between persons solely on the basis of racial classifications violates the Equal Protection and Due Process Clauses of the Fourteenth Amendment.^[1]For reasons which seem to us to reflect the central meaning of those constitutional commands, we conclude that these statutes cannot stand consistently with the Fourteenth Amendment.

In June 1958, two residents of Virginia, Mildred Jeter, a Negro woman, and Richard Loving, a white man, were married in the District of Columbia pursuant to its laws. Shortly after their marriage, the Lovings returned to Virginia and established their marital abode in Caroline County. At the October Term, 1958, of the Circuit Court

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*3of Caroline County, a grand jury issued an indictment charging the Lovings with violating Virginia's ban on interracial marriages. On January 6, 1959, the Lovings pleaded guilty to the charge and were sentenced to one year in jail; however, the trial judge suspended the sentence for a period of 25 years on the condition that the Lovings leave the State and not return to Virginia together for 25 years. He stated in an opinion that:

Question 1

1. Why do conditions that cause retention of sodium, such as cardiac

failure, result in low serum sodium?

2. What is meant by 'free water'?

Question 2

Why is there a difference in the pattern of oedema in nephrotic syndrome

and cardiac oedema? How is it related to the interstitial spaces and all

that? I am confused.

Question 3

Why is there a difference in the clinical presentation of oedema due to

renal failure and oedema due to cardiac failure, and how is this related

to the loose nature of the interstitial tissue in the periorbital area? The

answer given was that it is because, in cardiac failure, there is orthopnoea

and the most dependent portion in this case is the legs, which is why the

oedema occurs there. You also mentioned that in renal failure there is no

orthopnoea and the patient doesn't have to sit up, hence the difference.

This does not seem to take into account right ventricular heart failure

(RVF), where there is no question of orthopnoea. Pedal oedema is found in

right ventricular failure. Is the answer not that, in congestive heart failure

(CHF) there is pump failure (and the heart cannot pump blood against

gravity) hence oedema in the dependent areas, whereas in renal failure

there is no pump failure and the heart does not lose its capacity to pump

blood against gravity. The oedema in this case develops in those tissues

that have a loose interstitium, one such site being the periorbital area of the

face. This is the reason for the difference in clinical presentation.

Question 4

What treatment is recommended for recurrent attacks of generalized

swelling, with angio-oedema, in a middle-aged female patient?

Question 5

Is an osmotic diuresis, due to hyperglycaemia for instance, a cause of

both hyponatraemia and hypernatraemia. Please explain how this can be

the case.

Question 6

What is the mechanism of 2-agonists (albuterol) in correcting

hyperkalaemia in emergency? How does it cause a shift of potassium?

Question 7

Why do we give sodium lactate along with sodium bicarbonate in

acidotic patients? How does sodium lactate then act?

Question 8

How does hypochloraemia alone cause a metabolic alkalosis?

Question 9

I have read the part concerning acid-base imbalances and I would like to

ask about two things:

1. Why is there a higher concentration of anions (18) on measuring the

anion gap while there is a high concentration of immeasurable anions?

I would have expected a higher concentration of cations because most

of them are measurable.

2. Could you explain to me in more details how NaCO3 loss or HCl

retention could lead to normal anion gap acidosis?

Question 10

What is the exact formula for calculating the serum anion gap?