Step 4: Statistical Comparison (t-test or p-value) To compare rates between two countries or regions: Use a t-test (e.g., two-sample t-test) to compare means of annual rates (e.g., 2010-2022 dengue incidence rates in Thailand vs. Indonesia, or high vs. low income regions). Example using Python (pseudocode): from scipy.stats import ttest_ind rates_thailand = [350, 360, ..., 370] # Years 2010-2022 rates_indonesia = [400, 410, ..., 430] t_stat, p_value = ttest_ind(rates_thailand, rates_indonesia) print("p-value:", p_value)