Stephen was a contractor for BuildIT Ltd$.$ Stephen was driving his work truck along a busy road on his way to a client's home to complete a kitchen renovation. Suddenly the ladder he secured to the roof of his car flew off into the traffic behind him. Donny was driving behind Stephen and swerved to avoid the ladder, hitting Irma, who was cycling on the shoulder of the road. Irma was not wearing a helmet. Witnesses stated that Donny was exceeding the speed limit$.$ BuildIT Ltd$.$ says that it equipped Stephen's truck with a proper roof rack which should have made the ladder very secure$,$ and that Stephen must have ignored instructions on how to attach the ladder. As a result of the accident, Irma suffered a broken arm and leg as well as facial injuries.

The legal test for negligence is

A Duty of care, standard of care, causation and damage.

Duty of care, standard of care, injuries and remoteness.

Standard of care, breach of the standard of care, injuries and remoteness.

The standard of care expected by the jurisdiction.