Suppose that you are preparing a speech on the need for better public transportation in your neighborhood. Which of the following options is an example of independent research supporting this topic?

observations you made at a local bus stop of how long the average passenger had to wait before their bus arrived

a survey in the local paper showing levels of support for various changes to the public transit system

a television interview with a city planner describing how the community's needs have changed since the transit system was originally designed

statistics from the city's transit system detailing ridership numbers for the last several years