Suppose we execute the word-count MapReduce program de- scribed in this section on a large repository such as a copy of the Web. We shall use 100 Map tasks and some number of Reduce tasks.

a. Suppose we do not use a combiner at the Map tasks. Do you expect there to be significant skew in the times taken by the various reducers to process their value list? Why or why not?

b. If we combine the reducers into a small number of Reduce tasks, say 10 tasks, at random, do you expect the skew to be significant? What if we instead combine the reducers into 10,000 Reduce tasks?

c. Suppose we do use a combiner at the 100 Map tasks. Do you expect skew to be significant? Why or why not?