Systems theory is a basic theory in the physical sciences but had never been applied to organized human efforts. In 1938, Chester Bernard, a telephone company executive first wrote in his book, The Functions of an Executive, that an organization functioned as a cooperative system. However, it wasn't until the 1960s that management researchers began to look more carefully at systems theory and how it related to organizations. a) What is a system? b) Distinguish between a closed and an open system c). Describe an organization that uses an open systems approach d) Discuss how the systems approach helps us understand management e) What is synergy? f) What is the essence of Complex Adaptive Systems to a manager? (3 marks) (5 marks) (5 marks) (5 marks) (3 marks) (3 marks) (Total = 24 marks)