t$\mathrm{.}6$risk$-$based decision$-$making relies on a comprehensive theoretical framework to navigate uncertainties in infrastructure projects. The process begins with identifying potential risks arising from various sources such as natural disasters, design flaws, and human error. Subsequently, these risks undergo quantitative or qualitative analysis to gauge their likelihood and impact. Following analysis, risks are assessed against predefined criteria including safety standards and stakeholder preferences. This assessment informs the selection of appropriate risk management strategies such as avoidance, mitigation, transfer, or acceptance. By integrating risk analysis, assessment, and management, civil engineers optimize project outcomes while enhancing safety and value for stakeholders.