Target costing technique

Question $16$ options:

Is used within the research and development, marketing, and manufacturing processes of a firm. Sets cost reduction targets for suppliers to achieve for the components

Actual costs are compared to standard costs to determine whether variances exist. Variances are investigated to determine causes.

Management effort focuses on three key processes: determining the market $[$customer$]$ driven price; product level costing$$driving cost reductions within the firm; and component level target costing$$extending pressure to upstream trading partners.

all of the above

only a and c are correct