Task $1$: Read the abstracts$,$ and other sections describing the focus of the research. For each of these five case studies $($A; B; C; D; E$),$ derive three core questions and related sub$-$questions. Task $2$: Select any two of the case studies $($A; B; C; D; E$),$ that you studied in Task $1$ and unravel the concept of each. Use the tree diagram format as illustrated in the lecture. Add as much detail as possible. Note: CONCEPTS are important, not the details of each of the case studies. A$).$ TOPIC: The Kinetic Energy Storage as an Energy Buffer for Electric Vehicles. Abstract It is considered a hybrid driveline intended for electric vehicle in which Kinetic Energy Storage $($KES$)$ is used as an energy buffer for the load levelling over the main energy source $$ Li$-$Ion battery. Relations for KES local efficiency are worked out. Overall efficiencies of the parallel power branches are defined, and a control strategy for power split is proposed based on the alternative storage devices State of Charge $($SoC$).$ Quantity estimations of KES influence on the battery loading are obtained by evaluation of covered mileage, achievable with a single battery recharge over standard driving cycles, and by expected battery cycle$-$life prediction. B$).$ TOPIC: Stability Assessment of Diaphram Cellular Cofferdams Subjected to Severe Hydro$-$structural Conditions. Abstract: Background: Cellular cofferdams are a temporary construction consisting of interlocking steel sheet pilings driven into the ground as a series of interconnecting cells. Objectives: This study aims to investigate the stability of cofferdams with a circular diaphragm due to lateral load in dry and wet soil cases. Discussion: A series of laboratory tests were performed on different width to height ratios $(0\mathrm{.}8,0\mathrm{.}9,$ and $1\mathrm{.}0),$ berm ratios $(0\mathrm{.}2$H$,0\mathrm{.}3$H$,$ and $0\mathrm{.}4$H$),$ and embedment depth ratios $(0\mathrm{.}2$H$,0\mathrm{.}3$H$,$ and $0\mathrm{.}4$H$)$ with four types of soil fill $($clay soil, river sand, sand passing sieve No$\mathrm{.}4,$ and sub base$).$ The coupled circular cofferdam$-$soil system was modelled using nonlinear finite element analysis $($COMSOL Multiphysics Software$)$ to validate the experimental results. Conclusion: After applying hydrostatic, hydrodynamic, and structural failure loads, the resistance of the cellular retaining structures with wet soil fill in saturated soils was greater than with dry soil fill in dry soils. The most advantageous construction format was found by deciphering the relationship between the aforementioned loads and berm ratios, embedment depth, and horizontal displacement. Keywords: Cofferdam, Circular diaphragm, COMSOL software, Stability, Hydrodynamic analysis, Hydrostatic forces. C$).$ TOPIC: Application of Internet of Things in academic buildings for space use efficiency using occupancy and booking data. ABSTRACT Environmental sustainability in academic buildings can be improved with management interventions such as improving space use efficiency supported by large data from the Internet of Things $($IoT$).$ Due to the potentials, the interest in the use of IoT tools for facility management is high among universities. However, empirical studies on this topic are scarce. To address the knowledge gap in this area, this study proposes and examines a process model with steps to measure space use and to improve space use efficiency by IoT tools in academic buildings. The applicability of the model is investigated in $8$ lecture halls in a university building by using occupancy and booking data from IoT tools. Four space use indicators are developed to visualize the data and quantify space use, and based on them, the strategies and interventions for space use efficiency are proposed and discussed. D$).$ TOPIC: Hybrid Solar Cells Based on Organic Inorganic Materials Photovoltaic Applications: A Review. Abstract Hybrid solar cells based on organic$/$inorganic materials would be fabricated from conjugated polymers and inorganic oxide materials. Nanostructured dye sensitized solar cells would be designed and efficiencies will be evaluated from semiconducting oxides and mixed oxides semiconductors. New strategies would be followed for extending the electrolyte absorption range as well as co$-$sensitization would be incorporated in the system. This review enumerates the results of researchers about different types of organic and inorganic solar cells and its parameters. E$).$ TOPIC: Fatigue limit and microstructure in lamellar graphite iron. ABSTRACT Demanding environmental legislation and improve performance specifications requires increasing fatigue strength for the engine components that are made of lamellar graphite iron $($LGI$).$ Components design, metal$[1]$lurgy and casting conditions define the microstructure formation and mechanical properties. The graphite in$[1]$clusions embedded in the metallic matrix acting as defects and have a detrimental effect on the fatigue strength of LGI. The cooling conditions determine the coarseness of the microstructure and also have, a great impact on the fatigue res