task : $8\mathrm{.}99$#

What are the fundamental theories that form the backbone of civil engineering? How do these theories underpin the design, construction, and maintenance of infrastructure, including buildings, bridges, roads, and dams? Discuss the significance of structural analysis theories, materials science principles, soil mechanics, fluid dynamics, and environmental considerations in civil engineering practices. How do these theories facilitate the optimization of structural integrity, durability, and sustainability in civil projects? Furthermore, explore the evolution of these theories over time and their adaptation to meet contemporary challenges such as climate change, urbanization, and technological advancements in the field of civil engineering.