Task: The six-source essay asks you to synthesize the arguments of six sources For this essay, you will select at least six articles on a topic of your choice. The articles should be on the same topic but feature different perspectives, research methods, opinions, or conclusions about some aspects of the topic. For this essay, you will use third-person point of view. Please do not use first person point of view (e.g., "I," "me," "we") in writing this essay. In addition, please do not use second-person point of view ("you" or "your") in writing this essay. For example, instead of "Smith argues that, as a director, you have a duty to coordinate cybersecurity efforts..." you would write, "Smith argues that directors have a duty to coordinate cybersecurity efforts..."

Source 1:

https://pdf.sciencedirectassets.com/271758/1-s2.0-S0047235220X00079/1-s2.0-S0047235220302245/main.pdf?X-Amz-Security-Token=IQoJb3JpZ2luX2VjEAQaCXVzLWVhc3QtMSJIMEYCIQCEXUahzdqpKUSNiJFz0oXpwpKM5FdFKOEj3kksegFDlwIhAKo7kylLxBMnAK2dPQMYefm%2BayFKaFfs0WscDGcKjUdFKrMFCCwQBRoMMDU5MDAzNTQ2ODY1Igz3DjlZ1rY2bvsAZ5oqkAXYTugXA6q9zN4MEf5EGD3boHt2syJsQLW3cOyAdrJJrb7INv5P4WZInBE7ycyo91I67hQdyhrXSNHaZ3lZbDcxkcZvesigbxP8PAKc0X3FH0GqR%2FGZrOcBz9FIcZUFkmhC4CbLRIW%2BvIndJStlnkQj4qCsxWq2zz6B5kiEqopEJb6Tcj5BhFw0LFh0KMZ9YIw8ZARKBp%2F3bWL9TNIS4MESUU8O3D4n8azmNUmI4PF0WV781AYQ%2FjiQ6%2FEdINnmfumq%2Boe%2B4HL12hSTj8BXYYbMTussCNW56D%2BrakCtMNl6dmCiXkFl%2FbP%2B1VenM4amFaCwemGxzlZSSMp2BmGbvw867h5leah9HKNvF21KOhxAPruWHLEmvY15tmJnwWTa0CNwT6NjwmHfTPtYcmbR2qiQtZwp9O4jR2ff6XXKdld9poJXeJbsLxjGi0CJUp%2FXpaRCH1rVcWG9p756M8qWcAqkQatcPtcZ8sbSDIy7PI8OJlXasZGbtXjvQqUbLi39FdSnaqm%2BUbxXSIo6P%2F3CJw1RGL2ivEgTf0h2TcZ5hDDgg21EI0rOqN00mHlakB75JMuGfGJSajSd6VPM2VQAfda1OBcllw9v7fVpb8p%2F4Y0cDOs%2FkLwIGoUJbGgub51KjG7Cs%2Fe0iF9CEQ%2FaUK%2FfRNATegwSBGAC5nr6RFMsDAZ5qlTgbmnAX4VPFguEK1tCAIMs2itSDztwZyog%2FABxg2tNHBSauS9uiacmSZJoAurcEAon6r5SCPrgMDas2ecZM9sUGDvPEhipAeqpRMbS3jEMtPosw2XaPx%2Fmgjrhm7jjSTy9RmQ7k7x2bjtr8D6eomsPRgS5U2wmw8eClwzQlAz%2B9t1Wyxb7qpQKBWngrCIHpDCP5%2FC2BjqwAeNDZYdfWu1IDNKi8zB08VqZulcR88RYP9IZGfqBJOHwU1N2TmmdL70G05kkFr01YNBoRpoT2XUO5YGjGduIjMPq7g%2F1f%2Bn8HvcoVHDYiwwBW7U5oJnor2q4MRhIZ5%2BnhygapJdujLPpOgGVwdXPfU9m%2FKNEgzEFK%2B8kKa2BXPdr4L1B%2BYkJYbTffygQRnzaX54uJ%2FW7ssquALvDJpcMVHBLIG%2FGqycB4xM24ql5WbLm&X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Date=20240907T113912Z&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&X-Amz-Expires=300&X-Amz-Credential=ASIAQ3PHCVTY4RBVVWLK%2F20240907%2Fus-east-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Signature=347df11f7af913779cea1ce6b70d2d3ded5b4915aa23ebaa8fcffe487675c161&hash=7ce84aaeab4c0a6187db5be919b47b258442bc23d91dd1235cfb132a339ba430&host=68042c943591013ac2b2430a89b270f6af2c76d8dfd086a07176afe7c76c2c61&pii=S0047235220302245&tid=spdf-fc301429-e18f-4561-8b57-1a3c8423e4dd&sid=4bec32741fb4374eab4968e862d5964dfee8gxrqa&type=client&tsoh=d3d3LXNjaWVuY2VkaXJlY3QtY29tLmV6cHJveHkudW1n

Source 2

Victor E. Kappeler and Larry K. Gain (2015). COMMUNITY POLICING: ACONTEMPORARY PERSPECTIVE. New York and London: Routledge. ISBN: 978-0-323-34049-6, Paperback ??71.99. 588 Pages The authors Kappeler and Gain start off by letting the reader know that community policing is a Advance Access publication: 17 September 2019 doi:10.1093/police/paz048 philosophy and organizational strategy. It is sup posed to expand the traditional police mandate of fighting crime to include forming partnerships with citizens and stake holders that will endorse mutual support and participation in the crime reduction effort. The book does a very good job of delineating the progressive approach, combining the accrued wisdom and experience of the authors with the lat est research-based insights to help students and practitioners apply what is written on the pages to real life. They do a very good job in the second chapter of the book of giving a historical account of how policing has evolved into the modern day profession that it is today. The authors focus on real-life community polic ing programmes in various cities as well as prob lem-solving case studies. The information is well formatted and geared to assist the reader in under standing the material and learning the objectives. The glossary and an appendix, 'The Ten Principles of Community Policing', at the end of the book further enhance the learning of the material. Kappeler and Gain have condensed a whole lot of information into 13 chapters. Each one of the chapters is a stand-alone chapter and comes with discussion questions at the end of each chapter. The references used in this book are endless; al though somewhat dated. Each chapter starts off with an outline of learning objectives and the objectives are sequenced in an order to get you through the each chapter. The topics arepackedwithenoughinformationtogivetheread er the ability to speak intelligently on each subject. They are also geared to ensure that the reader can give thoughtful insight into the discussion questions. This book would be very useful to those who know very little about community policing or a student taking a college-level course in community policing. It gives them a framework of reference to Published by Oxford University Press 2019. This work is written by US Government employees and is in the public domain in the US. Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/policing/article/15/2/1601/5570875 by 81695661, OUP on 28 August 2021 1602 Policing Book Reviews Book Reviews understand the philosophy, the organizational and personnel aspect, along with the strategical impli cations behind the move of such an organizational format of policing. Most police command-level personnel who have been to any basic course in community policing will not find anything new in the written material of this book. Everything written has been written before in other community policing or community relations type of books. Kappeler and Gain do a marvellous job of referencing their material to a very good host of reference books and materials. If there is one take away from this book for police command-level personnel, it would be Chapter 5 where the authors address the aspect of managing and implementing community policing properly. They are not afraid to tackle the tough questions and making sure that police departments know that what they could be doing might not be community policing. They have outlined an eight-step model of imple menting community policing that will give a police organization a great tool to begin the process of mov ing their department towards becoming a community policing agency. It is not a one-size-fits-all plan, but it is a plan of actually completing an assessment of the organization, determining the need for change and starting that change by creating a culture that will be susceptible to moving forward for the betterment of the organization and the community it serves. This chapter will also challenge some existing po lice agencies, where the members of the organization consider themselves to be a community policing agency because they have a community policing unit. The authors get the philosophy right when they state that community policing is an organizational wide strategy that requires the buy in from every as pect of the department. It is not a specialized unit. After reading the book, I would definitely recommend it to organizations and even individuals that have not embraced the community policing Advance Access publication: 3 October 2019 doi:10.1093/police/paz059 philosophy and would like a tool that would give them the information needed to determine if this is thewaytheywouldlike tosee theirpolicedepart ment to go. It is also a good resource for those in an academic venue, where they will be instructing on the very basics of community policing. I would not recommend this book to those who are already doing community policing, for I do not believe they will find any new material in the book that would be of use to them in their organization

Source 3: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4824692/

Source 4: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4824694/

Source 5: https://www.annualreviews.org/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-soc-073018-022541

Source 6: https://www.jstor.org/stable/24740149

My Essay below:

Community policing, a philosophy emphasizing collaboration between law enforcement and the public, has been a topic of ongoing debate. While some hail it as a powerful tool for reducing crime and fostering trust, others question its effectiveness or raise concerns about implementation. By investigating the diverse research techniques, contrasting opinions on success, and varied implementation strategies, this essay uncovers the intricate and multidimensional nature of community policing practices and their evaluation. The effectiveness of various policing strategies has been the subject of extensive research and debate. This essay synthesizes findings from six sources that explore different facets of policing, including predictive policing, hotspot policing, community-oriented strategies, and the impact of police practices on crime rates and community relations.

From a historical and sociological perspective, Braga, Brunson, and Drakulich (2019) examine the relationship between police and minority communities, viewing community policing as a potential bridge to heal long-standing rifts. In contrast, Koslicki et al. (2020) adopt a more quantitative, outcomes-based approach, focusing specifically on the relationship between community policing and use of force incidents. Their findings, which show no significant impact of community policing on reducing police use of force, present a more skeptical view of its effectiveness. Predictive policing, as explored by Mohler et al. (2015), involves using statistical models to forecast crime hotspots and allocate police resources more effectively. Their randomized controlled trials demonstrated that epidemic-type aftershock sequence (ETAS) models of crime forecasting significantly outperformed traditional hotspot maps. The ETAS models were able to predict 1.4-2.2 times as much crime and resulted in an average 7.4% reduction in crime volume when patrols were based on these forecasts. This approach highlights the potential of data-driven strategies to enhance police effectiveness in managing dynamically changing crime patterns.

Mohler et al. (2015) approach the topic from a crime prevention angle, using randomized controlled field trials to examine how predictive policing, informed by community policing principles, can impact crime rates. While their research suggests potential effectiveness in reducing crime, it also raises important ethical concerns about proactive policing tactics. Paoline, Gau, and Terrill (2016) focus on the accountability aspect of community policing, examining it through the lens of civilian oversight and political context. Their work emphasizes the importance of broader reforms alongside community policing initiatives, suggesting that community policing alone may not be sufficient to address systemic issues in law enforcement. Rojek and Alpert (2020) provide insights into the broader impact of police practices on crime and community relations. The findings suggest that while aggressive tactics may temporarily reduce crime, they can also erode public trust and lead to increased tensions. The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (2018) complement this perspective by discussing the importance of evidence-based practices and the need for ongoing evaluation of policing strategies to ensure they meet community needs and expectations.

Taking a broader view, Gomez (2016) considers community policing from a public health perspective, exploring how it might address societal issues beyond crime. This approach indicates a positive view of community policing's potential effectiveness in improving overall community well-being. Kappeler and Gain (2015) offer a practitioner's viewpoint, focusing on the practical implementation of community policing strategies. Their work acknowledges the challenges in implementing community policing but provides strategies for success, suggesting a cautiously optimistic view of its potential effectiveness when properly executed.

The research methods employed in these studies are as diverse as their perspectives. While Braga et al. likely use qualitative methods such as historical analysis and case studies, Koslicki et al. employ quantitative analysis to correlate community policing initiatives with use of force data. Mohler et al.'s use of randomized controlled field trials represents a rigorous experimental approach, while Paoline et al. likely combine qualitative and quantitative methods to examine civilian oversight. Gomez's study might involve epidemiological methods or case studies to link community policing with public health outcomes, and Kappeler and Gain's book likely synthesizes various research methods and practical experiences.

These differences in perspectives, methods, and opinions reflect the multifaceted nature of community policing and the challenges in evaluating its effectiveness. They also highlight the need for a comprehensive, interdisciplinary approach to fully understand and assess community policing strategies. As the field continues to evolve, it is clear that a nuanced understanding of community policing's potential benefits and limitations is essential for developing effective law enforcement practices that serve and protect all members of society.

In conclusion, community policing is a multifaceted concept with diverse research methods, varying opinions on its effectiveness, and a range of implementation strategies. Understanding these differences is crucial for evaluating its true potential. While the research on its impact remains inconclusive, the emphasis on building relationships and fostering trust offers a promising avenue for improving police-community relations and promoting public safety. Further research that considers both quantitative and qualitative methodologies is needed to definitively assess its effectiveness and identify the most successful strategies for implementation.

Koslicki, W. M., Lytle, D. J., Willits, D. W., & Brooks, R. (2020). 'Rhetoric without reality' or effective policing strategy? An analysis of the relationship between community policing and police fatal force. Journal of Criminal Justice, 101730. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2020.101730

Kappeler, V. E., & Gain, L. K. (2015). Community policing: A contemporary perspective. New York, NY: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-323-34049-6

Braga, A. A., Brunson, R. K., & Drakulich, K. M. (2019). Race, place, and effective policing. Annual Review of Sociology, 45, 535-555. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-soc-073018-022541

Mohler, G. O., Short, M. B., Malinowski, S., Johnson, M., Tita, G. E., Bertozzi, A. L., & Brantingham, P. J. (2015). Randomized controlled field trials of predictive policing. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 110(512), 1399-1411. https://doi.org/10.1080/01621459.2015.1077710

Paoline, E. A., III, Gau, J. M., & Terrill, W. (2016). Politics, police accountability, and public health: Civilian review in Newark, New Jersey. Journal of Urban Health, 93(Suppl 1), 141-153. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11524-015-9998-4

Gomez, M. B. (2016). Policing, community fragmentation, and public health: Observations from Baltimore. Journal of Urban Health, 93(Suppl 1), 154-167. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11524-015-0022-9

The following needs meet: What else can I add to make this essay longer and better? Can you help me add what I need to add I am lost on what else to add here.

There is an introduction to the topic which engages the reader, provides information on the topic, and introduces the thesis statement.

The thesis statement expresses the claim(s) made about the topic by research sources and is supported by evidence that the claim is true.

Synthesis-The writer uses signal phrases and transitional phrases to synthesize the sources.

Arguments/ Balance-The writer presents 6 varied research sources on the chosen topic using a combination of paraphrase, summary, and direct quotations.

The conclusion summarizes the topic or provides additional relevant context to the topic.

Language choices result in consistent writing style that appears purposeful and follows standard academic conventions or subverts them in a meaningful way.

Language choices promote readability.