Textbook problems to be completed on separate paper and turned in with this quiz start on page 13 of the text (these are from the exercises at the end of each section of the reading): 1.11 1.23 1.57 1.87 1.104 No software output is required for this assignment. 1 . Below are two scenarios. One exhibits sampling bias, and one exhibits wording bias. Identify the type of bias in each scenario, and explain briefly. a. A poll question sent to a random sample of all US residents asks "Do you believe that concerned citizens should get the COVID vaccine?" to estimate the proportion of all US residents who think everyone should get the vaccine. Type of bias: Explain: b. Ask a random sample of students at the library on a Friday night "How many hours a week do you study?" to collect data to estimate the average number of hours a week that all college students study. Type of bias: Explain: 2. A recent headline on a health website reads "Golfers Live Longer," and the article refers to a study that found that "golfers' average life expectancy was 5 years longer than other people's." a. The explanatory variable is b. The response variable is c. Does the information in this study appear to come from an observational study or a randomized experiment? d. The wording of the headline implies a cause and effect relationship between the variables. Assuming that researchers found an association between these variables, should we conclude causality from this study? Explain based on the methodology of the study. e. Which of the following best explains a confounding variable for this study? (Circle the best answer.) (A) Health of the golfer, because golfers need to be healthy. (B) Age of the golfer, because older people play golf more. [C) Income level, because wealthier people play golf. (D) Amount of physical activity of the subjects, because people who are physically active tend to play more sports and also to live longer