The ABC Association does not include all manufacturers in the industry. The association refuses to deal with any parties who do not carry the products of its members. This is

Question $9$ options:

a$)$

a per se violation of antitrust law.

b$)$

subject to analysis under the rule of reason.

c$)$

a situation that neither restrains trade nor harms competition.

d$)$

not within the scope of the Sherman Act.