The Amazon: A Giant with Ethical Concerns

Amazon, the e$-$commerce giant, has been plagued by various ethical issues. The company has been criticised for its

shameless tax avoidance, workers' rights abuses, environmental impacts, and more. Amazon has faced an ethical

boycott call since $2012$ due to its unethical practices.

Tax avoidance has been one of the major concerns surrounding Amazon. The company has been accused of avoiding

taxes by manipulating its finances. In $2022,$ it was reported that Amazon not only avoided paying taxes but also received

a tax credit, further exacerbating the issue.

Workers' rights are another area of concern at Amazon. The company has aggressively opposed unionisation and

organising efforts at its warehouses, spending millions on anti$-$union consultants. Workers have carried out strikes over

pay, and delivery drivers have sued Amazon seeking employment rights. The company has also been accused of

mistreating its suppliers.

Human rights violations are also a concern when it comes to Amazon's sourcing practices. The company has been found

to source conflict minerals and cotton without stringent policies to protect human rights. This is particularly concerning as

these products are at risk of being sourced from regions where human rights abuses occur.

Environmental issues are another area where Amazon falls short. The company's timber sourcing lacks an overarching

policy, potentially leading to the destruction of virgin forests. Additionally, its palm oil sourcing is problematic, as the mass

production of palm oil contributes to deforestation and human rights abuses.

In terms of animal rights, Amazon has been criticised for its lack of policies on animal testing, its sale of products made

from factory$-$farmed animals, and its sale of live animals on its website. The company's approach to animal welfare is

minimal, complying with legal requirements but not going beyond the bare minimum.

Differentiate clearly between the TWO $(2)$ views to corporate social responsibility $($CSR$).$ Refer to the case

study and substantiate which view Amazon adopts. Comment on whether Amazon is pursuing social goals

due to social obligation or social responsiveness, motivate your answer.