The author states that, "I consider it virtually impossible to develop a comprehensive strategic planwithout incorporating estimates of the prevalence of disease." [ CITATION Fle13 \l 1033 ] and based onwhat we have discussed over the last eight weeks ,I think it is true.The reason being, development of an epidemiological perspective by the healthcare managers is significant for enhancing the decision-making process while the incorporation of the estimates of the prevalence of the disease is vital to understand the disease, its risk factors, and its spread more comprehensively. For instance, a manager who is involved in the assessment of the risk, burden, and spread of a particular disease requires using epidemiological tools and supporting evidence for developing a strong plan against the disease.

The types of supporting evidence that are required to make good and rational decisions for disease control are as follows:

1. History of the disease: This includes the background of the disease, from where it started, how it started or the cause of the disease, and what preventive or control measures were taken at that time.

2. Reports of the patients suffering from the disease: This includes the analysis of the present condition of the disease by assessing the reports of the patients that are currently suffering from the disease.

3. Its spreading pattern in different areas: It includes the collection of data and information regarding the disease from different areas to determine whether its spreading rate and pattern are different in different regions.

4. The category of patients: It includes collecting data on the basis of gender, age group, and blood type of patients.

Epidemiology is a medical branch that involves the study of determinants, distribution patterns, risk factors, and possible preventive measures or control factors of a particular disease in specific areas. Managerial epidemiology is concerned with the use of epidemiological concepts in health care management to make more rational and better decisions.

The Fleming article also demonstrates the significance of epidemiology in healthcare management in which the author states that it seems virtually impossible to develop a strong comprehensive plan or strategy to control disease without incorporating the estimates of the prevalence of the disease. This statement is certainly true as it is required by the healthcare managers to develop an epidemiological perspective for enhancing the decision making process. Further, incorporation of the estimates of the prevalence of the disease is vital to understand the disease, its risk factors, and its spread more comprehensively. Hence, while making a strategy to control a particular disease, the estimates of the prevalence of the disease are also important to make a comprehensive strategic plan against the disease that includes appropriate planning, directing, controlling, and staffing.

For instance, a manager assessing the risk, burden, and spread of a particular disease requires using epidemiologic tools for developing a strong plan against the disease.

1. Firstly, the person is required to consider the present condition arouse by the disease and what can be done to control it.

2. The person is required to collect all the possible evidence of the disease and its spread. It requires studying the spread of disease, its symptoms, and its consequences from the very beginning. It includes the evaluation of past cases, past reports of the patients, and its prevalence to determine its spread rate.

3. On the basis of the evaluation, a comprehensive strategic plan to control the disease and its spread is required to be developed by creating a perfect balance between research, medicine, and science using the epidemiological and clinical evidence. The plan should include appropriate planning, directing, staffing, control, and coordination of various related departments.

4. Collecting evidence and their detailed study is important to ensure correct diagnosis of disease, rational decision-making, and strong evidence-based healthcare management. Moreover, lack of evidence can lead to severe risks not only for the healthcare managers or systems but also for a large number of populations due to the failure of understanding all the factors associated with the disease.

The types of supporting evidence that are required to make good and rational decisions for disease control are as follows:

1. History of the disease: This includes the background of the disease, from where it started, how it started or the cause of the disease, and what preventive or control measures were taken at that time. The first case report is the most significant evidence to know the disease in detail and to determine how it spreads. It will help in controlling its spread.

2. Reports of the patients suffering from the disease: This includes the analysis of the present condition of the disease by assessing the reports of the patients that are currently suffering from the disease. It will help in understanding what are the symptoms of the disease, how many stages are there, which stage is the most critical for the patient, and which stage can be used to end or control the disease.

3. Its spreading pattern in different areas: It includes the collection of data and information regarding the disease from different areas to determine whether its spreading rate and pattern are different in different regions. It will help to know whether there is any relation to the disease and its spreading pattern with the climatic conditions or not.

4. The category of patients: It includes collecting data on the basis of gender, age group, and blood type of patients. It will help the researchers or the health care managers to know what category or type of patients are most affected by the disease and which category is resistant to disease.

What is the focus of managerial epidemiology (individual or population)? Please give me a reason for whether managerial epidemiologists study individuals or communities. Assuming if you determined that the city requires a new health service, how would you go about to determine the feasibility of the health service, the outcome measures, the effectiveness, and the return on investment on the potentially new health venture? What evidence-based approach or process would you use to determine the effectiveness of change or intervention in your organization?

Provide answers for your answers, thank you