The below are the R command for the two linear regression.There is no need for the result.I need to know the test statistic used.

Please answer the part c,d and e.

23) [15 points total] Consider the following Routput, about which several questions follow: # These are the Penn World Tables data for 182 countries. # Variables are defined as follows: # rodpe = real GDP, pop = population, emp = number of people employed # hc = index of human capital, ck = capital stock # xr = exchange rate vs. USD pwt