The classical approaches as a whole were criticized because

Multiple Choice

they overemphasized the relationship between an organization and its external environment.

they emphasized worker satisfaction over efficiency or productivity.

many aspects of a management decision could not be expressed through mathematical symbols and formulas.

they usually stressed one aspect of an organization or its employees at the expense of other considerations. $$

they assumed employees wanted to work and could direct and control themselves.

Liam manages with McGregor's Theory $x$ in mind, and, as a result, his employee, Katya, is losing interest in her job. If Liam could abandom beliefs, he might instead acknowledge that there is $"$no one best way" to manage. He might consider Katya's values, goals, skills, and attitudes, along with other factors, both internal and external to the firm, to improve performance. If so$,$ he would be using the

Multiple Choice

contingency perspective.

the Hawthorne effect.

scientific management approach.

bureaucracy approach.

quantitative management approach.