The Compiler Construction Programming answers should be written in some notation approximating SML or OCaml. The snd e (second projection) (a) Describe the tasks that should be carried in implementing a front end for this language and any difficulties that might be encountered. [5 marks] (b) Suppose that the target virtual machine is stack-oriented and that the stack elements are integer values, and addresses can be stored as integers. Explain which other features are required in such a virtual machine. Invent a simple language of instructions for such a machine and show how it would be used to implement each of the expressions. Concepts in Programming Languages (a) Explain what is meant by a monad in a programming language, giving the two fundamental operations of a monad along with their types. [3 marks] (b) Consider the use of a monad for input-output. For the purposes of this question, take the Add one to the LLRN and set the library reference number to the value Add the publication object's address to the end of the PPA and add one to the NOLP. set the "changed" flag to true print: "Publication added" If the publication object is not valid print: "Failed to add publication!" and delete the allocated memory. Assign the First host IP address from Network P subnet to Sl. c. Assign the Second host IP address from Network P subnet to PCI. d. Assign the Last host IP address from Network Q subnet to GO/1 interface of R2. e. Assign the First host IP address from Network Q subnet to S2. f. Assign the Second host IP address from Network Q subnet to PC2. g. Assign the Last host IP address from Network R subnet to G0/1 interface of R3. h. Assign the First host IP address from Network R subnet to S3. i. Assign the Second host IP address from Network R subnet to PC3. j. Assign the First host IP address from Network X subnet to S0/1/0 interface of Ri. k. Assign the Last host IP address from Network X subnet to S0/1/1 interface of R2. 1. Assign the First host IP address from Network Y subnet to S0/1/0 interface of R2. m. Assign the Last host IP address from Network Y subnet to S0/1/1 interface of R3. n. Assign the First host IP address from Network Z subnet to S0/1/0 interface of R3. 0. Assign the Last host IP address from Network Z subnet to S0/1/1 interface of Ri. Demonstrate on how these two activities being executed? Explain the difference between 'y' and "xy" when used as constants in C. Describe the memory representation of both values. Briefly explain the role of the assert statement and why this program will trigger an assert failure when executed. Supply two modified versions of the program that alter the swap function definition and, if necessary, its calls, to avoid this assert failure. One version should be in C, and the other should use C++ language features. [4 marks] (c) Describe the address-space layout (highlighting four areas of memory) of a typical compiled x86 C program, and how each of these areas are used by C constructs. Design for the Data Structures and Algorithms (a) Describe how the Lempel Ziv text compression algorithm works, illustrating your answer by deriving the sequence of numbers and corresponding bit patterns it would generate when applied to a string starting with the following 24 characters: Estimate how many bits the algorithm would use to encode a string consisting of 1000 repetitions of the character "A". [8 marks] 4 Comparative Programming Languages (a) Discuss to what extent a programmer can expect a program that conforms to a standard to generate identical results when run under different conforming compilers on different machines