The following examples are in an Algol-like language.

 begin integer n; procedure p(k: integer); begin n := n+1; k := k+4; print(n); end; n := 0; p(n); print(n); end; 

Note that when using call by reference, n and k are aliased.

Output:

call by value: 1 1 call by value-result: 1 4 call by reference: 5 5

Can you please explain more in depth how we got these results as the output?