The following is based on information fromThe Wolf in the Southwest: The Making of an Endangered Species, by David E. Brown (University of Arizona Press). Before 1918, the proportion of female wolves in the general population of all southwestern wolves was about 50%. However, after 1918, southwestern cattle ranchers began a widespread effort to destroy wolves. In a recent sample of37wolves, there were only11females. One theory is that male wolves tend to return sooner than females to their old territories, where their predecessors were exterminated. Do these data indicate that the population proportion of female wolves is now less than 50% in the region? Use= 0.01.(a) What is the level of significance? State the null and alternate hypotheses.

H₀:p< 0.5;H₁:p= 0.5H₀:p= 0.5;H₁:p0.5 H₀:p= 0.5;H₁:p< 0.5H₀:p= 0.5;H₁:p> 0.5

(b) What sampling distribution will you use?

The Student'st, sincenp> 5 andnq> 5.The standard normal, sincenp> 5 andnq> 5. The standard normal, sincenp< 5 andnq< 5.The Student'st, sincenp< 5 andnq< 5.

What is the value of the sample test statistic? (Round your answer to two decimal places.) (c) Find theP-value of the test statistic. (Round your answer to four decimal places.) Sketch the sampling distribution and show the area corresponding to theP-value.

(d) Based on your answers in parts (a) to (c), will you reject or fail to reject the null hypothesis? Are the data statistically significant at level?

At the= 0.01 level, we reject the null hypothesis and conclude the data are statistically significant.At the= 0.01 level, we reject the null hypothesis and conclude the data are not statistically significant. At the= 0.01 level, we fail to reject the null hypothesis and conclude the data are statistically significant.At the= 0.01 level, we fail to reject the null hypothesis and conclude the data are not statistically significant.