The general aggression model (GAM) theorizes that biological modifiers (e.g., executive functioning problems) and environmental modifiers (e.g., growing up in high-risk neighbourhoods) indirectly raise the risk of violence because of their impact on situational and person-based characteristics. In the model, what are the biological and environmental modifiers collectively labelled as?

Select one:

a.

Historical factors

b.

Remote factors

c.

Distal

d.

Background factors

e.

Appraisal factors