The grading system is a powerful resource for teachers. In their book Effective Grading: A Tool for Learning and Assessment, Barbara Walvoord and Virginia Anderson state that

"teachers must manage the power and complexity of the grading system" and that "teachers must consider grading in their first deliberations about a course."

Based on Barbara E$.$ Walvoord and Virginia Johnson Anderson, Effective Grading: A Tool for Learning and Assessment, Jossey$-$Bass: San Francisco, $1998,$ pp$.$ xvii$-$xviii.

a$.$ The grading system used by a teacher can affect the incentives of students to learn the course material

A$.$ by altering the payoffs to achieving success on the various components of the course.

B$.$ by uniformly weighting all course components.

C$.$ without using anything since student performance is based on innate intelligence.

D$.$ by doubling the points assigned to each component of the course.

b$.$ If teachers put too little weight in the grading scale on a certain part of the course, like readings outside the textbook, students might respond by that part of the course.

c$.$ Teachers often wish that students came to class prepared having read the upcoming material. A teacher could design the grading system to motivate students to come to class prepared by the grade weight assigned to being prepared.