The human brain reached its current size about _____ years ago.

Question 1 options:

	400,000 to 500,000
	300,000 to 400,000
	100,000 to 200,000
	200,000 to 300,000
	50,000-100,000

Question 2(2 points)

The test portion of scientific methodology is designed to:

Question 2 options:

	prove that a hypothesis is right.
	prove that a hypothesis is wrong.
	prove that a hypothesis is either right or wrong.
	see which variables really need to be tested.

Question 3(2 points)

The _____ variant of the Recent African Origin model posits that contemporary humans outcompeted archaic humans in the same environments, until the archaics eventually became extinct.

Question 3 options:

	expansion
	assimilation
	hybrid
	replacement
	control

Question 4(2 points)

Identify a hominin morphological group of late Pliocene fossils.

Question 4 options:

	a gracile group with small incisors, stout mandibles, and large cranium
	a robust group with stout mandibles, massive teeth, and large chewing adaptations
	a robust group with stout mandibles, small teeth, and a large cranium
	a gracile group with small teeth and a small cranium
	a gracile group with large teeth and large chewing adaptations

Question 5(2 points)

Identify a characteristic of the members of the Proconsulidae family.

Question 5 options:

	They exhibited purely hominoid skeletal morphology.
	They were brachiators.
	They possessed long tails.
	They had thin enamel on their molar teeth much like gorillas.

Question 6(2 points)

Most of the modern primate forms show up in the fossil record of the _____ epochs.

Question 6 options:

	Pliocene and Pleistocene
	Miocene and Pliocene
	Oligocene and Miocene
	Eocene and Oligocene

Question 7(2 points)

Which of the following is true about the current knowledge of morphological and molecular relationships among the living apes and humans?

Question 7 options:

	Gorillas and humans are more similar, and thus more closely related, to one another than either is to chimpanzees and orangutans.
	Chimpanzees, gorillas, and orangutans are more similar, and thus more closely related, to one another than any of them is to humans.
	Chimpanzees, gorillas, and humans are more similar, and thus more closely related, to one another than any of them is to the orangutan.
	Gorillas and chimpanzees are more similar, and thus more closely related, to one another than either is to orangutans and humans.

Question 8(2 points)

Which of the following did NOT occur as a result of the frequent climatic fluctuations during the Plio-Pleistocene?

Question 8 options:

	New species evolved to exploit the newly created ecological niches.
	The radiation of hominin forms in eastern Asia began.
	Many animal lineages diversified.
	New patterns of mixed habitat types developed.

Question 9(2 points)

Identify a physical characteristic of the fossils ofAustralopithecusanamensis.

Question 9 options:

	small molars with thin enamel
	tiny and inconspicuous canines
	a reduced shearing complex
	the absence of bipedal anatomy
	large cranium

Question 10(2 points)

The real difference between early human ancestors and apes is:

Question 10 options:

	significant canine dimorphism.
	a cranium large enough to accommodate a larger brain.
	bipedality.
	a chin.
	tool use.

Question 11(2 points)

The overall genetic Fst for human species is approximately:

Question 11 options:

	0.07.
	0.17.
	0.27.
	0.37.
	0.42.

Question 12(2 points)

The vast majority of variation in skull morphology is:

Question 12 options:

	between regions.
	between populations.
	between southern and arctic regions.
	within populations.
	within families.

Question 13(2 points)

Across the human genome, an average between _____ of genetic variation is found within populations.

Question 13 options:

	73% and 97%
	78% and 92%
	62% and 92%
	81% and 92%
	83% and 97%

Question 14(2 points)

Identify a cranial characteristic of hominins.

Question 14 options:

	temporal origins central on cranium
	a backward-placed foramen magnum
	molars with thin enamel
	a parabolic dental arcade

Question 15(2 points)

The classicH.erectustraits included all of the following EXCEPT:

Question 15 options:

	a long cranium.
	an occipital torus.
	a sagittal keel.
	a discontinuous supraorbital torus.
	bipedalism.

Question 16(2 points)

Simple modified stone tools are found in the same general time and vicinity as:

Question 16 options:

	bothP.boiseiandP.robustusfossils.
	allParanthropusfossils.
	bothP.aethiopicusandP.robustusfossils.
	bothP.aethiopicusandP.boiseifossils.

Question 17(2 points)

The width of the human body at the pelvis varies by about _____ across our species.

Question 17 options:

	10%
	15%
	25%
	35%
	40%

Question 18(2 points)

Eugenics is all of the following EXCEPT:

Question 18 options:

	often associated with erroneous assumptions about the relationship of behavior with simple genetic systems.
	the study of the human genome and where it went "wrong."
	the study of genetics with the notion of improving biological potential.
	the study of genetics with the notion of improving human biology.

Question 19(2 points)

Homois best characterized by:

Question 19 options:

	large tools, bipedal locomotion, and large brains.
	bipedal locomotion, large brains, and biocultural evolution.
	bipedal locomotion, large tools, and biocultural evolution.
	bipedal locomotion, large brains, and monogamy.
	bipedal locomotion, large tools, and large brains

Question 20(2 points)

The best definition for a mosaic habitat is:

Question 20 options:

	a habitat that includes mixed habitat types.
	a habitat that includes both savanna and woodland habitat types.
	a habitat that includes both wet and dry habitat types.
	a habitat that includes both woodland and forested habitat types.

Question 21(2 points)

The ability to use a(n) _____ grip is an important requirement for making tools.

Question 21 options:

	firm
	power
	precision
	accurate
	unchangeable

Question 22(20 points)

Thinking about the human being from an evolutionary perspective, identify the main evolutionary shifts that have brought forth its modern form. Specifically, explain when and where these shifts occurred. In other words, this question asks you to identify those key features that Fuentes in this text highlights as themost central componentsof our "humanness", as well aswhere and whendid those features emerge?

Break your response into a min of 3 distinct paragraphs.Remember to provide clear evidence of your response being based on the course textbook(review the detailed instructions on this -- posted in the course announcements),

Question 22 options:

Question 23(2 points)

Simple measures of cranial shape yield the:

Question 23 options:

	encephalization quotient.
	cephalic quotient.
	cranial index.
	encephalization index.
	cephalic index.

Question 24(2 points)

Identify a characteristic ofHomohabilis.

Question 24 options:

	a relatively prognathic face
	a large body
	tiny incisors
	a pronounced sagittal ridge

Question 25(2 points)

Identify an anatomical feature ofAustralopithecusafarensis.

Question 25 options:

	inconspicuous canines
	molars with thin enamel
	divergent tooth rows
	fairly small cranium

Question 26(2 points)

Postcranially, _____ is somewhat different from earlier hominin forms.

Question 26 options:

	Australopithecusanamensis
	Australopithecusafarensis
	Ardipithecusramidusramidus
	Ardipithecusramiduskadabba

Question 27(2 points)

The Pleistocene is (choose the closest match to the definition provided by Fuentes):

Question 27 options:

	the epoch dating from 2 millions years to 50,000 years ago.
	the epoch dating from 8 to 5 million years ago.
	the epoch dating from 2.3 million to 10,000 years ago.
	the epoch dating from 10,000 years ago to the present.
	the epoch dating from 5 to 1.8 million years ago.

Question 28(2 points)

Modern humans' average body mass varies by as much as:

Question 28 options:

	50%.
	55%.
	45%.
	40%.

Question 29(2 points)

Identify an anatomical feature ofAustralopithecusafarensis.

Question 29 options:

	fairly small cranium
	molars with thin enamel
	inconspicuous canines
	divergent tooth rows

Question 30(2 points)

Human skin "color" is influenced by:

Question 30 options:

	an individual's blood group.
	the depth of melanin.
	the texture of the skin.
	the thickness of the skin.
	an individual's physical structure.

Question 31(2 points)

Which of the following is an anatomical characteristic of contemporary humans?

Question 31 options:

	a flattened cranium
	a highly flexed cranial base
	a receding chin
	an inconspicuous canine fossa

Question 32(2 points)

Which of the following is NOT one of the main theories supporting the origin of bipedality discussed in your text?

Question 32 options:

	The benefits of reduced weight bearing in the upper body favored bipedality.
	Bipedality is derived from a foraging pattern favoring upright reaching.
	Visual surveillance favored bipedality.
	The benefits of long-distance walking favored bipedality.

Question 33(2 points)

In environments where organisms are stressed by cold, mammals tend to have which of the following?

Question 33 options:

	an increased body mass relative to body surface area
	an increased body mass and increased body surface area
	a decreased body mass and increased body surface area
	a decreased body mass relative to body surface area

Question 34(2 points)

A distribution wherein biological traits vary in a specific pattern across geography is called a(n):

Question 34 options:

	cormic distribution.
	cline.
	geographical dimorphism.
	Fst.
	frequency isomorphism.

Question 35(2 points)

How old is the human fossil (a cranium with two modern features) found at the famous fossil site of Laetoli?

Question 35 options:

	about 100,000 years
	about 125,000 years
	about 150,000 years
	about 200,000 years
	about 120,000 years

Question 36(2 points)

While most of the unique physical traits shared by hominins were developed by about 5 million years ago, the large brain that characterizes modern hominins developed:

Question 36 options:

	about 3 million years ago.
	less than 10,000 thousand years ago.
	about 4 million years ago.
	about 1.5 million years ago.
	about 5 million years ago.

Question 37(2 points)

Compared to males, females have all of the following traits EXCEPT:

Question 37 options:

	a less vertical forehead.
	less pronounced brow ridges.
	fewer overall cranial muscle markings.
	a greater subpubic angle.

Question 38(2 points)

Which of the following is NOT true about the Mousterian industry?

Question 38 options:

	It represented a refinement of the Olduwan technique.
	It was a stone tool technology.
	It was found in many Neanderthal sites.
	Flakes were produced with little effort.

Question 39(2 points)

The scientific concept of race includes all of the following EXCEPT:

Question 39 options:

	an Fst of at least 0.25 relative to other populations in the species.
	a group of populations within a species that has measurable, defining biological characteristics.
	an Fst of at least 0.50 relative to other species.
	a population within a species that has measurable, defining biological characteristics.

Question 40(2 points)

The traditional classification of humans as hominids and chimpanzees, gorillas, and orangutans lumped together as pongids:

Question 40 options:

	is an accurate reflection of evolutionary histories.
	is supported by the genetic distances calculated through ancestral lines.
	is supported by the discoveries ofAustralopithecusafarensisandArdipithecusramidus.
	is not an accurate reflection of evolutionary histories.
	is supported by the discoveries ofArdipithecusramidusandAustralopithecusbahrelghazali.

Question 41(20 points)

Fuentes notes that natural selection is one biological principle that drives evolutionary change. Explain what other principles, frameworks, or theories of evolutionary change we have encountered during the semester and how those can be used to explain human evolution in particular. Why is natural selection as a concept not sufficient for explaining human evolution as a whole?

Break your response into a min of 3 distinct paragraphs.Remember to provide clear evidence of your response being based on the course textbook(review the detailed instructions on this -- posted in the course announcements),

Question 41 options:

Question 42(2 points)

Which of the following was NOT true about the Levallois technique of making tools?

Question 42 options:

	It started in Eurasia and spread to Africa.
	It involved more complex preparation of stones to make tools.
	It provided tools that could be refined for a wide variety of uses.
	It provided higher quality tools.

Question 43(2 points)

The _____ model proposes that contemporary humans are the most recent morphological form in a species that has been around for nearly 2 million years.

Question 43 options:

	Multiple Dispersal (MD)
	Recent African Origin (RAO)
	Multiregional Dispersion Model (MDM)
	Recent African Origin-Hybrid (RAO-H)
	Multiregional Evolution (MRE)

Question 44(2 points)

Identify a characteristic ofOrrorintugenensis.

Question 44 options:

	thick molar enamel
	relatively small and humanlike canine teeth
	grasping toe
	femur heads indicating the absence of bipedality

Question 45(2 points)

Which of the following is true of Acheulean tools?

Question 45 options:

	Although they show up in many (but not all)H.erectussites from southern Africa to the British Islands, so far they have been uncovered at only oneH.erectussite in east or Southeast Asia and none on the Indian sub-continent.
	They are only found in Europe.
	Although they show up in many (but not all)H.erectussites from southern Africa to the British Islands to the Indian sub-continent, so far they have been uncovered at only a fewH.erectussites in eastern and Southeast Asia.
	Although they show up in many (but not all)H.erectussites from eastern and southern Africa, none have been found at anyH.erectussites outside of the African locales.
	They are commonly found at all locations whereH.erectusfossils are found.

Question 46(2 points)

_____ was the first individual to clearly lay out a theory of evolution.

Question 46 options:

	Charles Darwin
	Erasmus Darwin
	Lamarck
	Cuvier

Question 47(2 points)

Although the number of melanocytes does not vary significantly from one person to another, the:

Question 47 options:

	frequency of melanin receptors varies.
	ability to efficiently distribute melanin to the epidermis varies.
	density of melanin varies.
	amount of melanin in the skin varies.
	amount of pigmentation in the skin varies.

Question 48(2 points)

Because of variation in stature and body shape, there is substantial variation in the size of the cranium in humans, with normal size for a fully functional brain ranging from about:

Question 48 options:

	850 to about 1500 cc.
	1000 to about 2000 cc.
	1200 to about 2000 cc.
	900 to about 1600 cc.

Question 49(2 points)

Identify a uniquely contemporary human characteristic.

Question 49 options:

	the supraorbital torus
	tool use
	the retromolar gap
	the chin
	the ulna

Question 50(2 points)

Which of the following is NOT true of Olduwan/Oldowan tools?

Question 50 options:

	They consist of choppers.
	They date to about 3.5 million years ago.
	They were the first stone tools in the archeological record.
	They were produced by ahomininspecies.
	They consist of relatively simple flakes.

Question 51(2 points)

Identify a postcranial characteristic of hominins.

Question 51 options:

	long os coxae with a narrow iliac blade
	shortened phalanges of pedal digits 2-5
	single-arched pes or foot
	relatively abductable big toe

Question 52(2 points)

The Pliocene epoch was characterized by all of the following EXCEPT:

Question 52 options:

	higher sea levels.
	a significant change in the assemblages of animals across different areas of the planet.
	a colder climate than the Miocene.
	climatic changes that led to geological events that affected wide areas.

Question 53(2 points)

In the context of sex differences, unlike in males, in females:

Question 53 options:

	the size of the space created by the pelvic girdle is larger.
	the subpubic angle is smaller and mastoids are relatively larger.
	the angle of the jaw or ramus of the mandible is smaller.
	the ilia are less broadly flared outward, and brow ridges are more pronounced.

Question 54(2 points)

The speciesAustralopithecusbahrelghazaliwas established as a result of:

Question 54 options:

	the finding of a single mandible fossil at the Koro Toro site.
	increasingly hybridized cranium at the Koro Toro site.
	subtle differentiations in fossil findings at the Aramis site.
	subtle differentiations in fossil findings at the Kanapoi and Allia Bay sites.
	pronounced differentiations in fossil findings at the Aramis site.

Question 55(2 points)

Before 1995, the Aramis fossils were placed in the genus:

Question 55 options:

	Orrorin.
	Sahelanthropus.
	Australopithecus.
	Ardipithecus.

Question 56(2 points)

Humans are classified as all of the following EXCEPT:

Question 56 options:

	Homo.
	Homoninae.
	Homininae.
	Hominini.

Question 57(2 points)

The scientific method:

Question 57 options:

	prevents biases resulting from personal and cultural factors.
	is influenced by personal and cultural factors.
	reduces the potential effects of personal and cultural factors through repetitive experimentation.
	None of these answers are correct.

Question 58(2 points)

_____ is the best-known early hominin.

Question 58 options:

	Ardipithecusramidusramidus
	Australopithecusafarensis
	Ardipithecusramiduskadabba
	Homo habilis
	Australopithecusanamensis

Question 59(2 points)

According to the text, human body size and shape are determined in large part by all of the following EXCEPT:

Question 59 options:

	natural selection.
	culture.
	nutrition.
	gene flow.

Question 60(2 points)

_____ exhibited a sectorial premolar and both sexual and canine dimorphism.

Question 60 options:

	Australopithecusanamensis
	Australopithecusafarensis
	Ardipithecusramiduskadabba
	Ardipithecusramidusramidus
	All of the above